クライエンテリズムと抗議運動 --レバノンにおける2019年「10月革命」--2019 · This paper reviews related works of literature on the intersection of clientelism and protest movements and then examines "October Revolution" 2019 in Lebanon as its application. First, it lays out the reasons why clientelism and protest movements relate to each other, inspired by the "second wave" of protest movements in the Middle East and North African countries, namely Algeria, Sudan, Iraq, and Lebanon. These four countries share common points that they did not encounter the "fi rst wave" of the Arab Spring in 2010; the main contentious point in their protests centered on economic issues and the experiences of civil war. Second, the author reviews the literature on both clientelism and protest movements, which clarifies the future topic to be examined. Third, it traces the history of Lebanese protest movements since its independence. Examining the historical trajectories of these protest movements enables a comparison with the absence of mass protest movements prior to the October 2019 revolution. Finally, the paper traces the 2019 October Revolution in detail, distinguishing the chronology and characters of the movements and concludes by suggesting some future research themes to be more rigorously examined.
レバノンにおけるパレスチナ人難民の包摂と排除 --現代中東における少数派と権力分有構造--2005 · This research note primarily investigates the state-minority relationships in the Middle East by focusing on Palestinian refugees in Lebanon. In deeply divided societies, the way to secure political stability has been studies by consociational school led by Arend Lijphart. In contrast to the chain of academic currents, Ian S. Lustick's theory of "control" offers another perspective. Based on later theory that stipulates the control of the minority for achieving achieve political stability, I would like to hypothesize a new perspective to understand how the Lebanese government and Palestinian refugees are intertwined. To expand the field of state-minority theory, I first review literatures that address minority issues in the Middle East and their connections with state governance. Second, I provide a brief outline of the Palestinians' history in Lebanon, where they are marginalized outside of formal institutions. Third, I detail the decision to create the governmental organization "Lebanese-Palestinian Dialogue Committee (LPDC), " which was founded in 2005, to highlight a specific case for contemplating the state-minority relationship. This case illustrates how the state came to organize certain policies concerning minority problems, and conversely, how the minority seeks to interact with state. This results in a final crystallization of state policy towards the minority.
