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Example report

地方都市における再生可能エネルギー施設立地の住民受容——手続き的公正と便益分配に着目した実証研究

The target institution and professor are fictional. Recommended professors are real; their details are a snapshot of public information collected on July 26, 2026. Fit scores and reasons are illustrative. Before contacting anyone, recheck current affiliation, research topics, and acceptance status on the official page. · No Hatsuho used · viewable without logging in
00 VerdictDocument Review1/5
Ryugaku JinjaDocument Review

Narrow the range

Review at a glance

The draft is already solid. Its first risk is not prose but professor fit and field feasibility. Check the target professor against current public research and admissions rules, then make the sources, comparison metric, and sampling access traceable. This sample does not predict a real professor's response or admission outcome.

00
VERDICT

The verdict

PAGE01
Overall score
B
Overall · OVERALL · 8 dims

71/100B · Needs strengthening

Submission risk: Medium risk12 annotations · 3 priority fixesFull 8-dimension review · 8 review criteria
1

Settle who you are applying to before touching the draft

In the sample scenario, the target professor works in game theory and the draft is an empirical environmental-policy survey. Rewriting cannot fix that fit question, and it determines the direction of the other two fixes. A real fit and intake decision must be rechecked against current public information and school rules.

Suggested action: Make a one-page fit check: topic/method links in the professor's recent public work, the graduate school's current supervision rules, and the connection you can honestly state in the proposal. If that cannot be verified, use the official links below to research alternatives; display scores are not admission predictions.

2

Turn comparison, power, and sampling dependencies into an executable design

A cross-sectional survey cannot carry “determines”; “standardised coefficients” do not yet define how two fairness effects are compared. More importantly, neither the six-municipality sampling frame nor interaction-test sample is a confirmed resource yet.

Suggested action: At the end of Methods, state together: association language, one comparison metric with an interval, a power threshold, and municipality-by-municipality sampling confirmations. If any threshold fails, reclassify the third question as exploratory.

3

Turn the argument into a traceable evidence chain

“Only a handful of studies” and “supported in Europe as well” are pivots of the argument, while the scale is only called “existing”. Bibliographic entries in this sample are display placeholders and cannot become submission evidence.

Suggested action: Create an evidence table: each claim, the verified original source, author/year, and the one-line finding it supports; separately list the scale source, translation/use conditions, and open checks. Leave unverified items marked pending rather than writing them as facts.

A
MANUSCRIPT

The draft, marked up

PAGE02
How to read this chapterColored underlines are annotations; moss green marks what already works. Click one and the right-hand panel opens its “why” and “how to rewrite”. On desktop, hovering a row in the next chapter lights up the matching span here.
Research Proposal18 paragraphs · 12 comments · 5 highlights
SEC-01研究の背景と問題意識

2050年カーボンニュートラルの達成に向けて、日本各地で再生可能エネルギー施設の導入が急速に進んでいる。しかしその立地をめぐっては、景観の変化、低周波音、土砂災害への懸念などを理由とする住民の反対が各地で報告されており、計画の遅延や中止に至る事例も少なくない。脱炭素という国レベルの政策目標と、施設が実際に建つ地域における社会的受容との間には、依然として大きな隔たりがある。

この隔たりは、立地地域の住民の環境意識が低いために生じているわけではない。環境意識の高い地域でも反対運動は起きており、単純な意識啓発では説明も解決もできない。むしろ、事業者や自治体が決定過程をどのように設計したのか——誰が、いつ、どの情報にもとづいて意思決定に関与できたのか——が住民の評価を大きく左右すると、近年の研究は指摘している。とりわけ地方都市では、政策の実効性が住民の理解と協力に大きく依存するため、決定手続きの設計そのものが事業の成否を分ける要因となりうる。

SEC-02先行研究の検討と本研究の位置づけ

社会的受容をめぐる研究は、大きく三つの流れに整理できる。第一は、受容の規定要因を個人属性や環境意識に求める心理学的アプローチである。第二は、便益と負担がどのように配分されるかという分配的公正に着目するアプローチであり、迷惑施設研究の蓄積がここに連なる。第三は、決定手続きそのものの公正さ、すなわち手続き的公正が受容を規定するという立場であり、近年になって知見が蓄積しつつある。

第三の立場は、住民が反対する理由を「自分たちが決定過程から締め出された」という経験に求める点で、政策実務への含意が大きい。便益の配分は財源の制約を受けるが、手続きの設計は相対的に低い費用で改善できるためである。しかし、手続き的公正と分配的公正を同一のモデルに組み込み、両者の相対的な影響力を定量的に比較した研究は、日本の地方都市を対象とするものに限れば数えるほどしかない1。

また既存研究の多くは、制度設計の記述的分析にとどまるか、紛争が顕在化した単一事例の質的調査に依拠している。単一事例研究は過程の解明に優れる一方、得られた知見が他の地域にどこまで及ぶのかを判断しにくい。複数自治体を横断する形での実証的検討は十分ではなく、本研究はこの空白を埋めることを企図する。

なお、手続き的公正が受容を高めるという関係は、欧州の風力発電立地を対象とする調査でもおおむね支持されている2。ただし、そこで前提とされている住民参加の制度は、日本の地方自治体が現に運用している説明会や縦覧の仕組みとは形式も権限も異なる。海外の知見をそのまま適用できるとは限らず、日本の制度的文脈のもとで改めて検証する必要がある。この点も、本研究が日本の地方都市を対象とする理由の一つである。

SEC-03研究目的とリサーチ・クエスチョン

本研究の目的は、地方都市における再生可能エネルギー施設の立地に対する住民の受容が、いかなる要因によって規定されるのかを、複数自治体を対象とする質問紙調査にもとづいて実証的に明らかにすることである。ここで受容とは、施設の立地に対して住民が示す賛否の態度を指し、反対運動への参加といった行動そのものは対象としない★1。また本研究が扱うのは、計画が公表された後の段階における受容であり、立地選定以前の段階は射程に含めない。

具体的には、次の三つの問いを設定する。第一に、決定過程の手続き的公正に対する知覚は、住民の受容をどの程度規定するのか3。第二に、その影響力は、便益と負担の配分に対する評価すなわち分配的公正の知覚と比べて大きいのか。第三に、両者の相対的な影響力は、施設の種別や地域の人口規模によってどのように異なるのか。

SEC-04研究方法

調査対象は、直近五年間に再生可能エネルギー施設の立地計画が公表された地方都市のうち、人口規模と施設種別が異なる六自治体とする4。各自治体において住民基本台帳から無作為抽出した二百名、合計千二百名を対象に、郵送法による質問紙調査を実施する。回収率は先行する同種調査を参考に三割程度を見込み、有効回答三百六十件を分析の下限とする5。

主要変数のうち、受容は当該施設の立地に対する賛否を五件法で測定する。手続き的公正は、情報提供の十分さ、意見表明の機会、決定過程の透明性という三つの下位次元から構成し、既存尺度を邦訳したうえで用いる6。分配的公正は、便益と負担の配分に対する評価によって測定する。統制変数として、年齢、居住年数、施設予定地からの距離、環境意識を投入する。

分析は二段階で行う。第一段階では、受容を従属変数とする順序ロジット回帰により、手続き的公正と分配的公正それぞれの効果を推定し、標準化係数を用いて両者の影響力を比較する7。第二段階では、構造方程式モデリングにより、手続き的公正の知覚が環境意識を介して受容に至る間接効果の有無を検討する8。調査の実施に先立ち、所属機関の研究倫理審査委員会の承認を得る。

分析上の留意点として、自治体ごとの立地計画の進捗状況が異なるため、自治体を固定効果として投入し、地域固有の影響を統制する。また、施設からの距離が近い層ほど回答意欲が高い可能性があるため、回収標本と母集団の年齢構成を比較し、必要に応じて事後層化による重み付けを行う★2。欠測は多重代入法によって処理する予定である。

主要仮説、除外基準、分析式は調査開始前に登録し★4、結果を見た後に分析方針を選び直さないようにする。頑健性の確認として、受容を連続変数として扱う線形モデル、自治体を階層とするマルチレベルモデルでも推定し、結論の方向が変わるかを比べる。さらに、施設種別と人口規模の交互作用を検討する前に検定力分析を行い、必要な回答数に届かない場合は探索的分析と明記する。質問項目の邦訳には逆翻訳を用い、予備調査で理解しにくい表現がないかを確認する。

SEC-05研究計画

一年目は、先行研究の体系的な整理と調査票の設計を行い、二つの自治体で予備調査を実施して尺度の信頼性を確認する。二年目は、六自治体において本調査を実施し、並行してデータの整備と基礎分析を進める。三年目は、分析結果の解釈と論文の執筆にあてる。学会報告は二年目の後半から順次行い、修士論文の提出は三年目末を予定している。

調査の実施にあたっては、対象自治体の担当部局に事前に研究の趣旨を説明し、住民基本台帳の閲覧について所定の手続きを経る9。回収率が想定を下回った場合には、対象自治体を四に絞ったうえで一自治体あたりの配布数を増やす方針10とし、分析に必要な標本規模を確保する。

SEC-06期待される成果と意義

本研究が明らかにするのは、住民の受容を高めるうえで、便益の配分と決定手続きの設計のいずれに、より多くの資源を投じるべきかという実務的な優先順位11である。得られた知見は、自治体が住民説明会や合意形成の過程を設計する際の具体的な指針として活用されうる★3。学術的には、手続き的公正をめぐる知見を日本の地方都市という文脈に接続し、複数自治体の横断データによって検証する点に貢献がある。

ただし、本研究は一時点の質問紙調査であり、公正さの知覚が受容を生むのか、もともと受容的な住民ほど手続きを公正と評価するのかを完全には識別できない。したがって、分析結果は因果効果ではなく変数間の関連として報告する★5。将来は、説明会の前後で同じ住民を追う縦断調査や、説明資料の提示方法を変える調査実験につなげ、時間順序と介入可能性を検討する必要がある。この限界を明記することで、現段階で言えることと次の研究で確かめることを分ける。

SEC-07主要参考文献

山田(2018)「社会的受容と手続き的公正」『環境社会心理学研究』第12巻、pp.15-28。12/ 田中ほか, 2020, 『再生可能エネルギーと地域社会』, 学術出版会. / Smith, J. (2011) Public engagement with large-scale renewable energy technologies. Journal of Environmental Policy, 2(1), 19-26. / 佐藤(2019)地方自治体における住民参加手続の実態. 公共政策研究, 19, 44-60.

B
ANNOTATIONS

Annotations, one by one

PAGE03
#1

The research-gap claim never lands on specific work

“Only a handful” is a strong claim — it asserts you have swept the Japanese literature. The draft never lists what the sweep found.

MajorLiterature support
#2

The overseas evidence has no source

This sentence carries the weight of “the theoretical premise has already been verified elsewhere”, with no citation attached.

MediumLiterature support
#3

Cross-sectional data cannot support “determines”

“Determines” is causal, but the design is a single cross-sectional survey. Reverse causation (accepting residents remember the process as fairer) and common causes cannot be ruled out.

MajorMethod feasibility
#4

How the six municipalities were chosen is missing

“Differing in population and facility type” says they differ from each other, not why these six or on what bands.

MediumResearch question
#5

360 responses cannot carry the third question

360 is fine for main effects. The third question needs a facility-type by population interaction, which splits the sample into six cells of roughly 60 — too thin to detect an interaction of usual size.

MajorMethod feasibility
#6

“An existing scale” is not yet an auditable measure

The sentence never identifies the original scale, target population, Japanese version, or how item usability will be checked. The sample bibliography is for display, so it cannot stand in for a real source.

MajorLiterature support
#7

“Compare effects” needs one shared yardstick

An ordered-logit coefficient is not by itself a directly comparable effect size. If the two fairness scales differ in range, distribution, or missing-data treatment, “standardised coefficients” still leaves the comparison rule unspecified.

MajorMethod feasibility
#8

Method and advisor expertise point in different directions

Ordered logit plus SEM is a sound line and fits the question. In this sample scenario, the target professor works in game theory and uses theoretical modeling, while the draft never answers “why this professor”. This is a fit-check demonstration, not a forecast of a real professor's response.

CriticalProfessor fit
#9

A planned procedure is not proof of sampling access

This is an intention to follow a procedure, not evidence that each municipality will allow the sampling frame or cooperate on the schedule. If even one municipality cannot support the plan, the design, timetable, and comparison structure change.

MajorMethod feasibility
#10

Four municipalities is not the original study with fewer rows

Reducing six municipalities to four changes the basis for cross-municipality comparison and the third question. More mailings per municipality may improve main-effect precision, but do not restore facility-type by population comparisons.

MediumResearch question
#11

From comparing coefficients to allocating resources, a step is missing

“Which standardised coefficient is larger” and “where to put resources” are different claims; the latter also depends on the cost and tractability of each improvement.

MediumArgument logic
#12

Three citation styles in one reference list

Bracket style, terminal punctuation and volume notation appear in three combinations across four entries; there are also no in-text citations to match the list.

MinorFormat compliance

Rewrite comparisons

Before

決定過程の手続き的公正に対する知覚は、住民の受容をどの程度規定するのか。

After

決定過程の手続き的公正に対する知覚は、住民の受容とどのように関連しているのか。なお本研究は横断調査であるため、因果関係の主張は行わず、関連の強さの比較にとどめる。

Why this revisionLimits the causal wording to what a cross-sectional design can support.

Before

人口規模と施設種別が異なる六自治体とする。

After

人口規模(5万人未満/5〜15万人/15万人以上)と施設種別(太陽光/風力)を組み合わせた3×2の枠に各1自治体を配し、計画公表が2020年以降のものから選定する。

Why this revisionTurns “six” from a number into a reproducible sampling design.

Before

標準化係数を用いて両者の影響力を比較する。

After

両公正の比較は、各尺度を同一の方法で標準化したうえで、受容が「賛成以上」となる予測確率の平均限界効果(95%信頼区間)を用いて行う。

Why this revisionDefines a comparable effect measure and its uncertainty before interpreting coding differences as differences in influence.

Before

住民基本台帳の閲覧について所定の手続きを経る。

After

各自治体について住民基本台帳の閲覧可否、抽出手順、費用、実施時期を文書で確認し、実施不能な自治体がある場合の代替抽出枠と研究範囲への影響をあらかじめ定める。

Why this revisionTurns “we will handle it” into a verifiable external dependency and fallback plan, without treating permission as already granted.

Before

便益の配分と決定手続きの設計のいずれに、より多くの資源を投じるべきかという実務的な優先順位である。

After

手続き的公正の効果が分配的公正のそれを上回る場合、相対的に低費用で改善しうる手続き設計に優先的に資源を配分する余地があることを示唆する。

Why this revisionRecasts the assertion as a conditional claim and states the cost assumption it depends on.

What already works

★1

The core concept is bounded before it is used

Operationalisation disputes are the classic way survey research loses points. Most drafts patch this under examination; this one closes it in the opening.

Research question
★2

Sample bias is anticipated and handled

Many proposals write “bias may exist”. Few write how they will handle it. The latter shows the survey design is real.

Method feasibility
★3

Practical significance names a user and a moment

The more concrete the significance, the easier it is to believe the study is needed rather than merely doable.

Research significance
★4

The analysis degrees of freedom are locked early

That makes result-driven model selection harder and lets a reader distinguish preplanned tests from later exploration. It does not guarantee a correct study, but it materially improves auditability.

Method feasibility
★5

The draft separates what it can and cannot claim

A candid boundary makes the positive claim more credible. Better to state the associations this design can contribute than package cross-sectional data as causal proof.

Argument logic
C
SCORECARD

Scorecard

PAGE04

8 review criteria

Overall summary
This is a solidly written proposal. The question is clear, the theoretical hook (procedural fairness) is well chosen, the method reaches scale sub-dimensions and a two-stage model, and it even covers ethics review and post-stratification. The biggest risk is not the writing: the sample scenario pairs an empirical environmental-policy survey with a professor whose main work is game theory. Treat that as a fit-check prompt, not a forecast about any real professor. Decide who you are applying to before revising, then make the sources, comparison rule, and field access verifiable.
Strengths of this draft
  • The research question fits in one sentence and is testable (comparing the relative weight of two fairness perceptions).
  • Acceptance is operationalised up front, with behavior explicitly excluded — many drafts only do this under examination pressure.
  • The method reaches scale sub-dimensions, a two-stage model, post-stratification and ethics review, so feasibility feels real.
01Research question
82/100
Solid+6
Scoring basisScope controlObject precisionResearchability

Three questions build on each other and the third asks about boundary conditions; acceptance is defined up front. Points are lost on how the six municipalities were chosen.

02Argument logic
78/100
Solid+7
Scoring basisParagraph flowCausal chainArgument completeness

Background to three research streams to gap to this study holds together well. The final section jumps from correlation to a resource-allocation priority.

03Literature support
66/100
Developing+14
Scoring basisLiterature timelineDepth and breadthKey references

The three-stream classification is right, but almost nothing lands on specific work — the gap claim and the European evidence both stay at the level of summary.

04Method feasibility
68/100
Developing+15
Scoring basisData accessResearch scaleMethod-question fit

The design has a real backbone — scales, models, ethics and missing data are considered. The gaps are the comparison estimand, power for the interaction test, and whether resident-register sampling can actually be secured; each needs evidence, calculation, or confirmation before submission.

05Professor fit
34/100
Weak+30
Scoring basisTopic fitMethod fitRecent work coverage

In the sample scenario, an empirical social survey on environmental policy (questionnaire, ordered logit, SEM) is paired with a professor working mainly in game theory. Neither topic nor method has a visible connection. A real submission must recheck current public work, supervision scope, and intake status; this display is not an admission prediction.

06Research significance
80/100
Solid+6
Scoring basisAcademic significanceSocial significanceNovelty

Practical significance is concrete (a priority order for municipalities designing briefings) and the academic contribution is named. What is thin is the differentiation from existing Japanese work.

07Style consistency
85/100
Solid+3
Scoring basisPlain / polite formTerminologyHonorific level

Register is uniformly plain form, academic tone is stable, terminology is broadly consistent. “Social acceptance” and “acceptance” alternate in places, but the purpose section defines the term, limiting the damage.

08Format compliance
74/100
Developing+8
Scoring basisLength controlSection orderCitation style (APA etc.)

Section order and length sit in the usual range and the structure is complete. Points are lost almost entirely on the reference list.

8-criterion distribution · Full review

Research questionArgument logicLiterature supportMethod feasibilityProfessor fitResearch significanceStyle consistencyFormat compliance
D
WHERE NEXT

Which professors fit

PAGE05
Professor-fit evidence Review the next candidates

Which other professors could this plan connect with?

Plan direction · public professor research

The plan’s topic and method are compared with public professor research to identify candidate directions.

Professor names, affiliations, research keywords, and official links come from collected public sources. Fit scores and reasons are illustrative here; a formal result is calculated from the submitted plan.

Research direction identified: Environmental studies · Environmental policy · Same field · Across institutions

1
Ohnuma SusumuProfessor
Hokkaido University · Graduate School of Humanities and Human Sciences
His registered research keywords literally include social acceptance, procedural fairness and consensus building — the two core variables of this proposal. His public record also contains several studies titled around public acceptance.
kaken:44papers:166latest:2025
91/100
High fit
Official page
2
Ohno TomohikoAssociate Professor
Nagoya University · Graduate School of Environmental Studies
Keywords: environmental policy studies, environmental governance, watershed governance. Your framing of policy meeting local society overlaps with his; his work leans on governance institutions, so keeping a survey-and-regression design needs a line on how the two complement each other.
kaken:44papers:159latest:2024
86/100
High fit
Official page
3
Nakajima MasahiroProfessor
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology · Institute of Agriculture
Keywords include consensus building, resident participation and land-use planning, and the regional scale matches your framing. His objects lean rural and land-use, so the bridge to renewable-energy siting needs to be stated first.
kaken:44papers:98latest:2024
82/100
Medium fit
Official page
Describe the research in more detail to widen the professor search

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Get paragraph-level feedback on your own draft. Decide what to revise first, then check each suggestion against your intended meaning.

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This review
Review modeFull review · 8 criteria
Basis for this reviewOriginal text · confirmed target · public sources
Sample statusRead-only sample · not saved to your account
Sample contentsDraft · verdict · paragraph annotations
How to read this result·The overall score means editorial readiness under this rubric; each dimension answers a separate writing question; submission risk summarizes draft gaps — none is an admission probability, eligibility check, or professor intent. Current-year application guidelines are not checked; verify format and requirements with the target school's official materials.
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Review